Robotic surgery: from science fiction to reality

In his 1976 novelette "The Bicentennial Man", the late science fiction writer and visionary Isaac Asimov kicked off the opening plot with the main character Andrew Martin (a humanoid who wants to live and die like a human) requesting a robot surgeon to perform an intricate operation on him so that he will not live beyond the age of 200.

"The fingers were long and were shaped into artistically metallic, looping curves so graceful and appropriate that one could imagine a scalpel fitting them and becoming, temporarily, one piece with them. There would be no hesitation in his work, no stumbling, no quivering, no mistakes", wrote Asimov as he described the robot surgeon who altered Martin's positronic brain.

Asimov's foretelling vision of surgeries performed autonomously by robots could in fact become a reality in the near future with the rapid advancement of robotic surgery, which is considered to be one of the greatest modern-day medical breakthroughs. Evidently, autonomous robotic surgery has already been initiated on animals, although it has yet to be done on humans. In a ground-breaking experiment in April 2019, bioengineers at the Boston Children's Hospital successfully deployed a self-driving robot which navigated autonomously along the walls of a throbbing, blood-filled heart to repair a leaky cardiac valve of a pig, all without a surgeon's guidance.

Undeniably, robotic surgery is transforming the field of surgery and paving the way for a new era of precision medicine. Today's robotic surgery takes the form of a minimally invasive procedure that utilises cutting-edge robotic systems controlled by a surgeon to perform surgical procedures with great precision, control and vision, especially when operating in the very hard-to-reach areas.

Unlike the popular science fiction depiction of a shiny, metallic and humanlike robot surgeon, the surgical robot of today is a more humdrum-looking compartmentalised system, which allows a (human) surgeon to control movements of multiple robotic arms—usually four—and cameras that provide 3-D stereoscopic vision via a hand-controlled console when operating on a patient. A typical robotic surgical system comprises a surgeon console with the high-resolution viewer to provide 3D vision; a patient-side cart that consists of manipulators or robotic arms; and a control system with a vision cart that can incorporate additional imaging technology that augments the surgeon's view of the anatomy.

With all things revolutionary, robotic surgery—in recent years—has indeed become the buzzword in the medical arena and is increasingly popular with technology-embracing healthcare institutions, as it offers many advantages over traditional surgical techniques.

Benefits and drawbacks

A main advantage of robotic surgery is its distinct precision. Hand dexterity tends to decline with age, and as surgeons grow older, hand tremors can impede surgical procedure. With traditional surgery, a surgeon's shaky or unsteady hand can lead to slipups or accidental damage to surrounding tissues, leading to excessive blood loss and complications. However, with robotic surgery, the nimble robotic arms that are controlled by the surgeon can move in a smooth and steady manner, allowing for greater accuracy during surgery. In this aspect, robotic surgery has proven to be particularly useful for complex surgeries, as the thin robotic arms (instead of the bulky hands of a surgeon) are capable of making precise movements in tight spaces, enabling surgeons to perform procedures that may be difficult or impossible with traditional surgical techniques.

The second benefit of robotic surgery is its minimally invasive nature. In traditional surgery, large incisions are made in the patient's body to access the surgical spots, and such procedures often result in considerable pain, scarring and a longer recovery time for patients. Robotic surgery, on the other hand, deploys mechanical arms, which are inserted into the patient's body through small incisions, allowing for a lesser invasive procedure. An example of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is keyhole surgery or laparoscopy, which is a procedure that allows the surgeon to access the organs inside of the abdomen and pelvis without having to make a very large incision. Still, conventional laparoscopy, which makes small cuts and uses long, cumbersome tools and a camera to perform surgery, has its limitations. For instance, conventional handheld laparoscopic tools that enter the body through small incisions have a restricted range of motion and can be challenging to manoeuvre (given the difficulty to extend leverage) even for a seasoned surgeon. That is why robot-assisted laparoscopy techniques are increasingly employed by surgeons to overcome the difficulties faced in conventional keyhole surgeries.

The increased precision and minimally invasive nature of robotic surgery over traditional open surgery tends to lead to better surgical outcomes, such as reduced trauma and incision-related complications, faster recovery time for patients, less pain and reduced hospital stay and improved cosmetic results (smaller scars).

What is more, a robotic surgery can be carried out remotely by the surgeon away from the operating site of the patient. This is unlike traditional open surgery or a conventional MIS, where the surgeon has to be on-site to perform the operation. In fact, robotic applications to surgery started in 1970s when NASA initiated military projects to provide medical care remotely to astronauts and soldiers on the battlefield. Interestingly, in June 2022, a laparoscopic surgical robot developed by a Shanghai-based medtech company successfully completed two ultra-long-range robotic surgeries in urology through 5G connection between a hospital in Xinjiang and another in Jiangsu Province in China. These two hospitals were nearly 5,000 kilometres apart, making the surgical operations the longest 5G remote robotic surgeries in the world to date.

Notwithstanding the many advantages of robotic surgery, there are also some drawbacks to such a progressive surgical procedure, notably the higher costs associated with it. Robotic surgical systems are generally expensive to buy, maintain, and operate, meaning that not all hospitals can afford to adopt this technology. Although operating overheads have come down in recent years, robotic surgeries are still relatively more expensive than traditional ones, making it inaccessible for patients who cannot afford it.

Additionally, the use of robots in surgery raises bioethical questions about the role of technology in healthcare and the potential for robots to completely replace human surgeons. With increasing dependence on surgical robots, will humans lose surgical skills? How far do we want to go with surgical robots? Would patients be willing to entrust their lives into the hands of a sentient robot and trust that it can be programmed to handle issues of life and death from a moral perspective?

The other potential drawback of robotic surgery is the additional learning curve for surgeons. As with any new technology, there is a learning curve associated with using robotic surgery systems. Surgeons must undergo extensive training and practice before they can become proficient in using the technology.

Strong growth of the global surgical robot market

Nonetheless, robotic surgery has the potential to take off in a big way in the years to come. US business consulting firm Frost & Sullivan (F&S) is forecasting the global surgical robot market to grow at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 21% from 2021 to 2030; F&S also predicts the market's size to exceed USD 60 billion by 2030 from nearly USD 11 billion in 2021 (see Chart 1).

Chart 1: Global surgical robot market expected to exceed USD 60 billion by 2030

Source: Frost & Sullivan

The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 had a significant impact on surgeries, resulting in a drop in worldwide surgical procedures, as many hospitals had to delay non-emergency operations and treatments to ensure adequate care was provided to COVID-19 patients. At the same time, due to restrictions implemented in many countries in 2020 and 2021, many patients had to put off routine, non-emergency diagnostic procedures, such as colonoscopies and PSA testing (a key biomarker for prostate cancer). But as global COVID-19 infections wane and normalcy returns, we have seen a speedy return in patient traffic back to pre-pandemic levels and a sharp recovery in usage of robotic surgical systems, where growth has already picked up from the second half of 2021 and throughout 2022.

Presently, robotic surgery has numerous applications in the global medical field. The laparoscopic robotic system is the most commonly used programme worldwide, followed by the orthopaedic robotic system. In the US, an increasing number of prostatectomy procedures are done by surgical robots, in which robotic arms are used to remove the prostate gland (or part of it) in men with prostate cancer. Robotic surgery has also been used in gynaecological procedures, given its greater precision and less invasive techniques.

According to F&S, the US and EU currently lead the global surgical robot market with an estimated market share of 55% and 21%, respectively (as at end 2020), while China, which is fast growing, still makes up only 5% of the global surgical robot market (see Chart 2). The growth of China's surgical robot market, however, is likely to be faster than that of the Western nations, in our view.

Chart 2: The US and EU dominate the global surgical robot market

Source: Frost & Sullivan, as at end 2020

China could be the next growth frontier

China has already made rapid progress in robotic surgery over the years. The country's first robotic surgery system was introduced in the mid-2000s, and since then, the technology has advanced by leaps and bounds. Several Chinese surgical robotic companies have developed their own state-of-the-art robotic systems which have been used in a variety of laparoscopic and orthopaedic surgeries. Furthermore, China is investing heavily in the development of artificial intelligence (AI) and 5G technologies, which are expected to drive further advancements in robotic surgery.

In our view, China is poised to be one of the fastest growing surgical robot markets over the next decade, owing to growing awareness of the benefits of robotic surgeries, a rise in patients' and surgeons' acceptance rate of such procedures and supportive government policies.

As benefits of robotic surgery become more widespread in China, the rate of adoption of such procedure is set to rise in the technology-embracing nation, which is already making plans to accelerate the integration of information technology (IT) into its medical equipment industry by 2025.

China's 14^th Five-Year Plan, which was drafted in October 2020, introduced a slew of new policy directives and top-down initiatives for 2021 to 2025. Under the country's five-year development plan for its medical equipment sector, the Chinese authorities intend to speed up the assimilation of IT and robotics into medical devices by 2025, with the creation of more domestically produced medical robots and digital health platforms.

Recent policies announced by China have been supportive of robotic surgeries in general. In 2021, the Chinese authorities approved an increase in the installation quota of laparoscopic surgical robots from 154 to 225. (Hospitals in China are allocated quotas to purchase and complete the tenders of surgical robots.)

To alleviate the financial burden for patients, Shanghai and Beijing also widened the government-backed basic medical insurance coverage in 2021 to include laparoscopic and orthopaedic robotic surgeries, thereby enabling the scheme to partially cover the cost of these procedures. Moreover, in July 2022, China exempted innovative drugs and devices, including surgical robotic systems, from its diagnosis-related group (DRG) hospital payments system, which is being piloted in several cities. The DRG is a system used to classify various diagnoses for inpatient hospital stays into groups and subgroups so that national payors or private health insurance companies can better control hospital costs and determine reimbursement rates. The DRG exemption offers a favourable backdrop for wider application of robotic surgery as hospitals and surgeons will now have the flexibility to perform robot-assisted operations.

We believe that China's public hospitals—following the directives of the country's central government—will likely implement more robot-assisted surgical procedures. Presently, China has around 1,500 Class 3A-rated hospitals, which are considered to be the best medical institutions with the highest level of medical technology, equipment, quality and service provision. The increased adoption of robotic surgeries in these high-quality hospitals, on the back of the government-led initiatives, may spur growth for both international and domestic surgical robotic manufacturers operating in the world's most populous nation.

The rise of China's surgical robots

The competitive pricing and localised strategies of up-and-coming surgical robot manufacturers in China to drive product penetration in the world's second largest economy are starting to have an impact on their global, more dominant rivals, such as US robotic surgical system manufacturer Intuitive Surgical Inc.

Intuitive Surgical, the leading player in the global surgical robot market, was established in 1995 and is listed on Nasdaq. Its main product, the da Vinci robotic surgical system, currently dominates the global laparoscopic robot market by holding an estimated market share of over 80%. In 2000 the da Vinci robotic surgical system became the first robot-assisted laparoscopic surgical system to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

Intuitive Surgical builds its success using its "System+Consumables+Services" business model, with system installations allowing it to ramp up recurring revenues over the longer term. Essentially, the company sells its robotic surgical systems to medical institutions globally, and as its installation base grows over time, the revenue contributions from consumables (namely robotic arms) and maintenance services grow as well.

Intuitive Surgical entered the Chinese market in 2006. Despite operating in China for nearly 17 years, the US robotic surgical manufacturer has only achieved limited success in penetrating the Chinese robotic surgical market; as at end June 2021, less than 10% of all Class 3A hospitals in China were using the da Vinci system, according to UBS data. The competition landscape may have changed with the recent entrance of four domestic surgical robotic companies, whose products are priced 30% to 40% cheaper than the da Vinci system. More products are coming as can be evidenced in Table 1.

Table 1: Globally launched surgical robots*

Source: FDA, MHRA, NMPA, EMA, companies' data and UBS, as at November 2022

* - This is not an exhaustive table and only representative companies are included. The table also includes representative companies in China with robots in clinical trials.

In our view, the progressive and competitive Chinese surgical robot manufacturers have the potential to rapidly grow their market share not only in China but in the rest of the world, especially in emerging markets. As shown in Chart 2, the surgical robot market outside of the US, the EU and China remains highly under-penetrated.

The future of robotic surgery

The future of robotic surgery looks exciting. With a notable reduction in human error as robotic surgeries gain acceptance and become more widely adopted, many experts believe that going under the knife via a highly precise and less invasive procedure, with surgeons assisted by robots, will become the norm for more types of surgeries in the coming decades.

Moreover, robotic surgery technology is expected to continue improving and its integration of AI could enable machines to make better and more accurate decisions, leading to safer and more efficient surgeries. With the help of high-speed internet, such as 5G, and advanced communication technologies, robotic surgery may also enable doctors to carry out surgeries remotely from anywhere in the globe or even in space.

As with any innovative technology, the costs are likely to come down over time as more competitors enter the fray, breaking the monopoly enjoyed by Intuitive Surgical over more than two decades, to meet the demand of the mid-range value-for-money patient segment. Over time, as robotic surgery becomes more widely accepted around the world, it is likely that economies of scale will set in, driving costs down even further, making it more accessible to patients and healthcare providers.

With the advent of autonomous robotic surgery, which will be made possible with advanced sensors, machine learning algorithms, and AI, the notion of today's surgical robots becoming tomorrow's robot surgeons could indeed come true in the not-too-distant future, just as Asimov envisioned in his science fiction novels. The question we need to answer is: Will the Three Laws of Robotics¹ envisioned by Asimov be sufficient to protect humans from robots?

Author: Kathy Ng, Senior Equity Analyst

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1 The following are Asimov's Three Laws:

1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws.

In a sign of the property market beginning to stabilise, February saw the price of dwelling values fall by just 0.1% across the nation. This is the smallest month-to-month decline since mid-2022 and the first time the monthly decline was less than 1% in almost 12 months, according to CoreLogic's National Home Value Index. 

Property in Sydney recorded growth of 0.3% for the month, whilst Perth (-0.10%), Adelaide (-0.20%) and Darwin (-0.30%) all recorded minor reductions. Brisbane (-0.40%), Melbourne (-0.40%) and Canberra (-0.50%) also recorded smaller monthly falls than in recent months, with only Hobart (-1.4%) recording a reduction of more than 1%, with all capital cities still recording values above pre-pandemic levels. 

New listing volume remains low, with 24,658 listings over the 4 weeks ending February 26, 17% below that of 2022 and 11.9% below the 5-year average. The last weekend of February recorded the highest number of auctions for the year (2,393), which was up 29.6% on the previous week (1,846); however this was still 29.3% lower than the same weekend last year (3,386). This trend is likely to continue until such a time that interest rates stabilise and confidence returns.

Whilst volumes are down, clearance rates are relatively strong, with Adelaide leading the way with an 88.6% clearance rate (83.8% last year), contributing to a national average of 69.7% (70.9% last year). The clearance rates for Sydney and Melbourne were also strong, recording 71.8% (72.6% last year) and 68.2% (67.6% last year), respectively. Brisbane's clearance rate was slightly weaker at 64.8% (70.6% last year) as was Canberra with 59.8% (74.4% last year). 

We believe prices should start to stabilise from here due to a fundamental under-supply of housing stock. The easing of the rate in which prices are declining is likely due to this lack of supply, and with many economists forecasting that we are nearing the end of the rate rise cycle, buyer demand is likely to increase through the second half of the year and into 2024 as confidence returns.

March 8 is International Women's Day - a day for celebrating the social, economic, cultural, and political achievements of women around the world. It's also a day when calls for accelerating gender parity are most vocal.

This year's focus is on 'equity' - the idea that people are all different, and that to be 'fair', people will need different types of assistance to reach their potential.

Our A Woman's Place research series showed that higher female participation in the workforce isn't just ethical, it's also a solution to lacklustre economic growth in the developed world.

We created the Gender Equality Index (GEI), as part of this series, to assess the levels of gender equality in 29 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries.

Leaders, laggards

Perhaps not surprisingly, Nordic countries - Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland - continue to top the ranking in the latest GEI update, a reflection of those countries' long history of progressive social policies that give women there more choices (See Chart 1).

Chart 1: Scandinavian countries hold onto top spots

Source: abrdn, World Bank, OECD, VDEM, as of 2023

Bringing up the rear are Italy, the US, South Korea and Japan - again there was little change in this part of the table. Women in the US still have limited maternity leave relative to their peers, while Japan and South Korea lag in terms of female empowerment.

Covid slowed progress

As these countries emerge from almost three years of pandemic-induced social and economic disruption, the index uncovers a slowdown in female-employment rates in several economies.

Here are two reasons why:

• Covid job losses affected women more than men. During previous economic downturns men usually bore the brunt of higher unemployment. These were often driven by industrial, rather than services-led, slowdowns.
• But during Covid, the female-unemployment rate remained higher than that for men. That's because those sectors most affected by pandemic lockdowns were ones in which women are overrepresented.
• Women were forced to reduce hours and leave the workforce to care for families. Women typically have disproportionately more care responsibilities than men.
  
  In the early stages of lockdowns, average paid working hours for women fell 16.4% (compared to a 14.9% fall for men) amid the closure of formal childcare facilities and as women cared for adult relatives (See Chart 2).

Chart 2: Women's working hours fell more than men's during the initial Covid wave

Source: OECD, as of 2020

As a result, the average female labour force participation rate remains below the pre-pandemic rate.

The average female labour force participation rate remains below the pre-pandemic rate

On the bright side

However, it's not all bad news. The index also shows that:

• Men are spending more time on childcare. Many men now spend part of their week working from home and share more childcare duties.
  
  How long this will last is debatable, but studies have shown that after periods of parental leave, men's participation in childcare duties tends to remain higher.
   
• More flexible work may be positive for female-labour participation. Flexible working arrangements may help women remain in the workforce despite uneven care burdens.
  
  However, there's a cost to more flexibility in the form of obstacles to career advancement - reduced mentoring, training, and access to promotion. This, if unaddressed, may even lead to further widening of the gender pay gap.

Final thoughts

The pandemic has shone a light on the structural inequalities that exist within societies and economies. However, much more needs to be done to systematically address these issues.

For example, caregivers' leave - a temporary Covid-era policy - could be made permanent to address the unequal distribution of responsibilities placed on women.

Improving access to caregiving and increasing flexibility in the labour market are key to retaining women in the workforce.

Understanding the extent to which the lasting effects of the pandemic have improved, or worsened, labour market inequalities will take time. But the GEI is one tool we can use to do so.

Author: Abigail Watt, Research Economist, Research Institute

At its first meeting for 2023, the RBA hiked rates for the ninth consecutive month to urgently tame inflation, telling the market to expect more to come. Given Australia's inflation levels have lagged the US, is Australia six months behind? or are we going into a period of higher inflation than the rest of the world?

Author: Darren Langer and Chris Rands, seasoned fixed-income specialists