Nuclear energy is a promising solution for climate change

Magellan Asset Management

August 2022

Fukushima, on the northeast of Japan's largest island, is vulnerable to earthquakes and tsunamis. From 1971, the area hosted the Daiichi nuclear plant. Based on global appraisals of tsunamis, the facility was built 10 metres above sea level. The commercial plant and others ensured nuclear energy supplied 30% of Japan's power needs.[1]

That is until an earthquake of magnitude 9.0 on the Richter scale struck in 2011. An ocean surge, which peaked offshore at 23 metres, was still 15 metres high when it swamped three reactors at the Daiichi plant. Radioactive material escaped for six days. More than 2,300 people died and over 100,000 were evacuated.[2] Japan was paralysed by what the chairman of a parliamentary inquiry described as "a profoundly man-made disaster".[3]

Tokyo reacted to the alarm of a public who watched on TV as the tsunami smashed into land. Within a year, only one of Japan's 54 nuclear reactors was operating.

Enthusiasm for nuclear power, which reached a peak of 17% of global energy production in 1996,[4] dimmed around the world.[5] Germany immediately decided to phase out its 17 nuclear plants by 2022. Only three remain but it looks like Europe's energy crisis could delay their closure. In the rest of Europe, the drive to nuclear power stalled such that Italy, Lithuania and nearby Kazakhstan have ditched nuclear while Finland in March opened the continent's first new nuclear plant in 15 years. The US has opened only one reactor (in 2016) since 1996.

Reduce one risk but still face another. That danger is climate change. The UN-overseen Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change warned in April the world is "at a crossroads" in its quest to halve emissions by 2030 to limit the rise in the earth's temperature.[6] The obstacles? Voters oppose carbon taxes. Renewable energy is struggling to match fossil fuels as a source of 'baseload' power on reliability and cost. Declining investment in fossil fuels has boosted hydrocarbon prices. Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February further bolstered oil and gas prices while exposing Europe's reliance on Russian energy as a liability. 'Energy security' has gained renewed political significance.

What to do? A large part of the answer could be nuclear energy, which is generated in a process known as fission - when uranium or plutonium atoms are split to release heat that makes steam to spin turbines.[7] Even though radioactive waste is produced during fission that can last forever,[8] policymakers are talking of adding to the 439 reactors in operation across 32 countries (while another 54 reactors are being built) that still supply about 10% of the world's energy needs.[9]

The talk is generating action. The US in April announced a US$6 billion effort to prevent more closures among the country's 94 reactors sprinkled across 56 plants that make the US the world's largest generator of nuclear power. Since 2013, 12 US reactors have closed 'early' and another 11 reactors are scheduled to shut by 2025.[10] Nuclear power, first tapped in the US in 1958, has supplied about 20% of US electricity generation since 1990.[11]

Europe too is reemphasising nuclear. The UK in April said it would build as many as eight new nuclear plants by 2030.[12] In February before Ukraine was invaded, French President Emmanuel Macron said the world's second-most nuclear-powered country (56 reactors that supply 70% of the country's electricity) needed 14 new reactors by 2050.[13] Earlier the same month, the European Commission added nuclear energy to a list of sustainable energy sources that are valid replacements for fossil fuels.[14] In July, the European Parliament backed the EC decision.[15] Asia hosted all the world's new nuclear capacity in 2021 and more is coming.[16]

It's easy to see why leaders are attracted to nuclear energy. As long as countries can source uranium or plutonium, the nuclear option offers energy self-sufficiency and is the lowest-cost greenhouse-gas-free energy - one that is cheaper than all but the lowest-cost fossil fuels. OECD analysis, which assumes long-lasting nuclear plants will spread fixed costs and adds a carbon price of US$30 per tonne of CO₂ onto the cost of fossil fuels, estimates nuclear energy could cost as little as US$30 a megawatt hour compared with US$45 for gas and US$75 for coal.[17]

Two promising developments could make nuclear more appealing. The first is the coming of commercial mini-nuclear reactors.[18] These mini-reactors would produce between 300 megawatts (small) and 700 megawatts (medium) of power compared with at least 1,000 MW electrical (MWe) produced by standard-sized reactors.

The advantages of mini-reactors are lower initial capital costs, less-complex design and that they take only four years to build rather than the decade needed for standard facilities. Mini-reactors can be built and shipped, thus are a better option for remote areas. They are safer because they require no manpower or electricity to shut down.[19] They produce less waste. They are cheaper to decommission. The International Atomic Energy Agency says there are about 50 designs for mini-reactors and four are close to being finished in Argentina, China and Russia.[20] Rolls-Royce says it can have 470 MWe mini-reactors connected to the UK grid by 2029.[21]

The second development is nuclear fusion. Whereas in nuclear fission an atom is split, fusion is combining atoms (using special hydrogen, deuterium and tritium as fuel). When fusion occurs, the difference in mass between nuclei and the newly formed heavier-but-lower-mass atom is released as energy. It takes special machines (tokamaks) or lasers to generate the intense heat and powerful magnetic forces required to produce an energy so powerful that one litre of fusion fuel matches 55,000 barrels of oil for energy.[22]

Breakthroughs are occurring in mimicking the energy source of the Sun and stars. In the UK in February, a fusion reactor produced a world record of 59 megajoules of heat energy over five seconds, more than double the previous record of 22 megajoules set in 1997.[23] In the US last September, a superconducting magnet needed in fusion broke magnetic field strength records during trials.[24] A month earlier in the US, laser light created enough heat to generate a record yield of laser fusion; 10 quadrillion watts of fusion power for 100 trillionths of a second.[25]

Aside from producing greenhouse-gas-free energy, fusion comes with two other notable advantages. One is that fusion eradicates the risk of a nuclear meltdown because, if disturbed, the process stops. The other is that no radioactive waste is produced. Fusion research is expensive, however, and advances whereby fusion reactors offer the world affordable power seem far off and might never happen.

That's the best hope too for the devastation that nuclear energy risks. Accidents that include Three Mile Island in the US in 1979, Chernobyl in the former Soviet Union in 1986 and Fukushima are blamed on human error. A possible calamity occurred in March when Russian shelling started a fire at the Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant in Ukraine, which with six reactors is Europe's largest. The incident highlighted the vulnerability of nuclear facilities to war, terrorism, suicidal rage or rogue states turning a nuclear plant into a military base, as Russia has now done with Zaporizhzhia.[26] Many say ageing nuclear facilities pose a threat. Nearby Germans have long had concerns about the state of the Tihange nuclear plant in Belgium. The regional German government has called for the plant to be closed.[27]

Nuclear energy's risk tied to the internet age is cybersecurity. The US and Israel in 2010 used Stuxnet malware to interfere with Iran's Natanz plant while a nuclear plant in Germany was reported to have suffered a "disruptive" cyberattack about a decade ago.[28] While the threat might be exaggerated by opponents of nuclear energy, it adds to political challenges of gaining public support for the nuclear option.[29]

Even with all the risks, nuclear energy is an established source of power that will gain traction as an answer for climate change, especially if more technological leaps are made. Nuclear energy might be most notable for how its adoption will vary across countries as communities judge their tolerance for the risks surrounding the most-promising energy solution to mitigate global warming.

To be sure, nuclear is not touted as the sole solution for climate change. Leaps in renewable technology or its economics could undermine the need for nuclear. But the reverse could apply too. The shift to more nuclear could take too long to contain the rise in the earth's temperature to 2 degrees Celsius. Nuclear energy, with its huge initial investment, might never match the lowest-cost fossil fuels, especially if plants are excessively regulated to soothe public concerns about safety. Some countries such as Australia and Germany are against nuclear though the energy crisis could change that.[30] Russia exports nuclear technology so its isolation might slow the industry's development. Any nuclear-building spree comes with risks and no doubt cost overruns (a problem too when upgrading ageing facilities). Against this, only three notable accidents in more than six decades is a fair safety record for any industry.

Energy security is what gives nuclear energy fresh appeal. Expect more policymakers to push for nuclear. It's just that the next nuclear mishap - and human error, even malevolence, almost guarantees one - might, Fukushima-style, set back the best option to mitigate climate change on every measure but safety.

Heavier but less mass

Tokamak is a Russian acronym that stands for the 'toroidal chamber with magnetic coils' that was developed in the Soviet Union in the late 1960s. The machine contains a large doughnut-shaped vacuum chamber where a few grams of hydrogen fuel are heated to 150 million degrees Celsius to form a substance known as plasma. This substance allows electrons to roam between different nuclei so they can collide and fuse. The challenges include having sufficient plasma particle density to increase the likelihood that collisions occur and enough confinement time to hold the plasma, which has a propensity to expand, within a defined volume. Within the tokamak, magnetic fields are used to confine and control the plasma.[31]

The process is seeking to capitalise on the insights of UK physicist Arthur Eddington (1882-1944).[32] Eddington observed that four hydrogen atoms weigh more than one helium atom. He surmised that if four hydrogen nuclei were fused then some mass must be lost in the process. According to Einstein's famous equation E=MC², that lost mass must become energy that amounts to the mass lost multiplied by the speed of light. Eddington's brilliance, as revealed in his book Internal constitution of the stars in 1925, was he deduced that hydrogen crashing into hydrogen to form helium under immense gravitational forces is how the Sun and stars produce energy (shine).[33]

The hope of many scientists nowadays is that nuclear fusion is the solution to climate change, even the world's energy needs. Many have tried since the explosion of a hydrogen bomb in 1952 to crack nuclear fusion as a source of power.

The world's biggest experiment underway to achieve nuclear fusion is the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, or ITER, Project that groups China, the EU, India, Japan, Korea, Russia and the US.

ITER's first plasma experiment is scheduled for 2025, 15 years after building the facilities began on a site in the south of France. With 10 times the plasma volume of the largest machine operating now, the ITER tokamak is designed to move on from small-scale fusion experiments.

The key quest is to get fusion to reach the point where the energy output from the fusion reaction matches the energy needed to create the conditions that sustain the fusion reaction. A later goal of ITER is to attain 10 times the energy output, which would mean that 50 megawatts of heating power could become 500 megawatts of fusion power.^[34]

If scientists at ITER or elsewhere achieve these and other feats, nuclear fusion could well power the world. No breakthroughs away from ITER appear imminent while the ITER results won't be known for decades and might prove fruitless. In the meantime, nuclear fission conducted in mini-reactors might be the best option for those countries willing to risk using nuclear power to combat climate change.

Number of nuclear reactors by country

Author: Michael Collins, Investment Specialist

Funds operated by this manager:

Magellan Global Fund (Hedged), Magellan Global Fund (Open Class Units) ASX:MGOC, Magellan High Conviction Fund, Magellan Infrastructure Fund, Magellan Infrastructure Fund (Unhedged), MFG Core Infrastructure Fund

[1] World Nuclear Association. 'Fukushima Daiichi disaster.' Updated April 2021. world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/fukushima-daiichi-accident.aspx

[2] The earthquake and tsunami are estimated to have killed nearly 20,000 people.

[3] The National Diet of Japan. 'Official report of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission.' 2012. Chairman Kiyoshi Kurokawa. Page 9. web.archive.org/web/20120710075620/http://naiic.go.jp/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/NAIIC_report_lo_res.pdf

[4] Britannica. 'Nuclear power.' britannica.com/technology/nuclear-power. See also International Atomic Energy Agency. 'Nuclear power status in 1996.' 24 April 1997. iaea.org/newscenter/pressreleases/nuclear-power-status-1996

[5] See Bulletin of Atomic Scientists. 'Nuclear power and the public.' 3 August 2011. thebulletin.org/2011/08/nuclear-power-and-the-public/ t

[6] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Sixth assessment report. Media release. 'The evidence is clear: The time for action is now. We can halve emissions by 2030.' 4 April 2022. ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/resources/press/press-release/

[7] See 'Nuclear 101: How does a nuclear reactor work?' US Department of Energy. 29 March 2021. energy.gov/ne/articles/nuclear-101-how-does-nuclear-reactor-work

[8] Plutonium-239 has a half-life of 24,000 years while strontium-90 and cesium-137 have half-lives of about 30 years (half the radioactivity will decay in 30 years). See US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Last reviewed 23 July 2019. nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/radwaste.html

[9] IAEA. 'The database on nuclear power reactors.' World statistics. These reactors amount to 393,818 megawatt electrical total net installed capacity, while those being built promise 53,744 MW_e more capacity. In Asia, countries building reactors are China (16 under construction), India (six), Japan (two to add to 33 operational reactors), and Korea (four). Two more countries are poised to host nuclear power when the plants under construction are built. Last updated 18 July 2022. pris.iaea.org/pris/

[10] US Department of Energy. 'DOE seeks applications, bids of $6 billion civil nuclear credit program.' 19 April 2022. energy.gov/articles/doe-seeks-applications-bids-6-billion-civil-nuclear-credit-program

[11] US Energy Information Administration. 'Nuclear explained. US nuclear industry.' Last updated 21 April 2021. Figures are for the end of 2020. eia.gov/energyexplained/nuclear/us-nuclear-industry.php

[12] BBC. 'Energy strategy: UK plans eight new nuclear reactors to boost production.' 7 April 2022. bbc.com/news/business-61010605. See UK government. 'Nuclear energy: What you need to know.' 6 April 2022. gov.uk/government/news/nuclear-energy-what-you-need-to-know

[13] France 24 news services hosting article by Agence France-Presse. 'Macron calls for 14 new reactors in nuclear 'renaissance'. 10 February 2022. france24.com/en/live-news/20220210-macron-calls-for-14-new-reactors-in-nuclear-renaissance

[14] European Commission. 'EU Taxonomy: Commission presents Complementary Climate Delegated Act to accelerate decarbonisation.' 2 February 2022. ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_711

[15] European Parliament. 'Taxonomy: MEPs do not object to inclusion of gas and nuclear activities.' 6 July 2022. europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20220701IPR34365/taxonomy-meps-do-not-object-to-inclusion-of-gas-and-nuclear-activities

[16] IAEA. 'Nuclear power reactors in the world.' 2022 edition. pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/RDS-2-42_web.pdf. Page 2.

[17] Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development with the International Energy Agency and the Nuclear Energy Agency. 'Projected costs of generating electricity 2020 edition.' Page 14. oecd-nea.org/upload/docs/application/pdf/2020-12/egc-2020_2020-12-09_18-26-46_781.pdf. See World Nuclear Org. 'Economics of nuclear power.' Updated September 2021. world-nuclear.org/information-library/economic-aspects/economics-of-nuclear-power.aspx

[18] The US military first used smaller reactors in 1962. World-nuclear.org. 'Small nuclear power reactors.' Updated December 2022. world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-power-reactors/small-nuclear-power-reactors.aspx

[19] TIME. 'As Putin threatens nuclear disaster, Europe learns to embrace nuclear energy again.' 22 April 2022. time.com/6169164/ukraine-nuclear-energy-europe/. See 'Table 1. Safety enhancement and cost reduction benefit-challenges analysis.' Page 16. International Atomic Energy Agency TECDOC series. 'Benefits and challenges of small modular fast reactors.' 2021. pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/TE-1972web.pdf

[20] International Atomic Energy Agency. 'Small modular reactors.' iaea.org/topics/small-modular-reactors

[21] 'Green light for mini-nuclear reactors by 2024, says Rolls-Royce.' The Telegraph of the UK. 19

April 2021. telegraph.co.uk/business/2022/04/19/green-light-mini-nuclear-reactors-2024-says-rolls-royce/

[22] Bloomberg News. 'Nuclear fusion could rescue the plant from climate catastrophe.' 29 September 2019. bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-09-28/startups-take-aim-at-nuclear-fusion-energy-s-biggest-challenge. For the same mass of material, fusion produces four times more energy than fission. International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, or ITER, Project. 'Advantages of fusion.' Undated. iter.org/sci/Fusion

[23] ITER Newsline. JET makes history, again.' 14 February 2022. org/newsline/-/3722

[24] Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 'MIT-designed project achieves major advance towards fusion energy.' 8 September 2021. news.mit.edu/2021/MIT-CFS-major-advance-toward-fusion-energy-0908

[25] National Ignition Facility. 'National Ignition Facility experiment puts researchers at threshold of fusion ignition.' 18 August 2021. llnl.gov/news/national-ignition-facility-experiment-puts-researchers-threshold-fusion-ignition

[26] 'Russia's army turns Ukraine's largest nuclear plant into a military base.' The Wall Street Journal. 5 July 2022. wsj.com/articles/russian-army-turns-ukraines-largest-nuclear-plant-into-a-military-base-11657035694

[27] John Kampfner. 'Why Germans do it better.' Atlantic Books. Paperback edition 2021. Pages 252 to 253.

[28] Infosec. 'Cyberattacks against nuclear plants: A disconcerting threat.' 14 October 2016. resources.infosecinstitute.com/topic/cyber-attacks-against-nuclear-plants-a-disconcerting-threat/

[29] Public opposition to waste solutions is always a hurdle. See 'The nuclear power dilemma: Where to put the lethal waste.' The big read. The Financial Times. 6 February 2022. ft.com/content/246dad82-c107-4886-9be2-e3b3c4c4f315

[30] See 'Why Germany is resisting calls to ease energy crunch by restarting nuclear power.' 20 April 2022. Germany along with Austria, Denmark, Luxemburg and Portugal even opposed the EU adding nuclear to the taxonomy. ft.com/content/229c21c7-991c-4b44-a2f9-20991670a4ba

[31] ITER Project. 'What is fusion?' and 'What is a tokamak?' sections. iter.org/proj/inafewlines#3

[32] Britannica. 'Arthur Eddington, British scientist.' britannica.com/biography/Arthur-Eddington

[33] Rivka Galchen. 'Can nuclear fusion put the brakes on climate change?' The New Yorker. 4 October 2021. newyorker.com/magazine/2021/10/11/can-nuclear-fusion-put-the-brakes-on-climate-change

[34] Daniel Andruczuyk, associate research professor, nuclear, plasma and radiological engineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. 'Will nuclear fusion ever power the world?' 28 December 2021. gizmodo.com/will-nuclear-fusion-ever-power-the-world-1848149991.

Important Information: This material has been delivered to you by Magellan Asset Management Limited ABN 31 120 593 946 AFS Licence No. 304 301 ('Magellan') and has been prepared for general information purposes only and must not be construed as investment advice or as an investment recommendation.  This material does not take into account your investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs. This material does not constitute an offer or inducement to engage in an investment activity nor does it form part of any offer documentation, offer or invitation to purchase, sell or subscribe for interests in any type of investment product or service. You should read and consider any relevant offer documentation applicable to any investment product or service and consider obtaining professional investment advice tailored to your specific circumstances before making any investment decision. A copy of the relevant PDS relating to a Magellan financial product or service may be obtained by calling +61 2 9235 4888 or by visiting www.magellangroup.com.au.

Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results and no person guarantees the future performance of any strategy, the amount or timing of any return from it, that asset allocations will be met, that it will be able to be implemented and its investment strategy or that its investment objectives will be achieved. This material may contain 'forward-looking statements'. Actual events or results or the actual performance of a Magellan financial product or service may differ materially from those reflected or contemplated in such forward-looking statements.

This material may include data, research and other information from third party sources. Magellan makes no guarantee that such information is accurate, complete or timely and does not provide any warranties regarding results obtained from its use. This information is subject to change at any time and no person has any responsibility to update any of the information provided in this material.  Statements contained in this material that are not historical facts are based on current expectations, estimates, projections, opinions and beliefs of Magellan. Such statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, and undue reliance should not be placed thereon.

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Global equities strengthen 

Glenmore Asset Management

August 2022

Funds operated by this manager:

Glenmore Australian Equities Fund

'Small Talk' -  Where have all the IPOs gone?

Equitable Investors

August 2022

Funds operated by this manager:

Equitable Investors Dragonfly Fund

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Could the US Supreme Court's decision against the EPA derail decarbonisation efforts?

4D Infrastructure

August 2022

Funds operated by this manager:

The content contained in this article represents the opinions of the authors. The authors may hold either long or short positions in securities of various companies discussed in the article. This commentary in no way constitutes a solicitation of business or investment advice. It is intended solely as an avenue for the authors to express their personal views on investing and for the entertainment of the reader.

Equities responding to a higher rate environment 

Eley Griffiths Group 

August 2022

Funds operated by this manager:

Eley Griffiths Emerging Companies Fund, Eley Griffiths Small Companies Fund

The outlook for equities is unclear

Airlie Funds Management

July 2022

The outlook for equities is incredibly unclear. We have talked prior that markets are at the crossroads after a +10-year bull market - inflation and interest rates are on the rise and so central banks are reversing course after a decade plus of super easy policies. The early result of this, and exacerbated by the Ukraine invasion, is a return of market volatility. After being super strong in the March quarter, even commodity prices are now weakening, putting further pressure on the Aussie market. As fabled investor Peter Lynch says - "If you can only follow one piece of data - follow the earnings...".

Given profit margins overall are at record highs; stimulus is unwinding; costs pressures abound; and consumers will likely have less disposable income - then an easy bear case for the direction of earnings can be outlined.
Consensus earnings one to two years out are probably too high. However, this bearish view must be balanced against valuations that have been very quick to price in higher rates, and company balance sheets that remain strong (although we need to monitor this vigilantly). For consumers, the most recent (two to three years) cohort of mortgage borrowers may provide some bad debt and hence headline angst but generally consumer balance sheets are in reasonable shape. High levels of personal and mortgage debts is balanced by high savings, solid home equity, and current strong employment conditions.

PORTFOLIO POSITIONING

Sector exposure1

As bottom-up stock-pickers, we invest on company fundamentals: seeking conservative balance sheets, businesses that generate good returns and are managed by competent people. However, from a top-down perspective we want to avoid "unintended bets"; i.e., positioning the portfolio in a way that leaves it vulnerable to certain macro events playing out. The key macro event to watch this year is inflation. There is no doubt in the near term that inflation will continue to increase: most of the companies we speak to are seeing significant input cost (and increasingly labour) inflation, and have signalled their intent to pass this on in the form of higher prices. Since we think inflation is heading up in the near-term, it's important to make sure our portfolio owns businesses with pricing power, that can protect margins and pass on higher costs to end consumers. We have analysed our portfolio through this lens and think we are well positioned. Businesses like James Hardie, Woolworths, Wesfarmers, Macquarie, the banks, Aristocrat and CSL should all benefit from (or at least not suffer from) higher inflation.
 

The market has been quick to reprice those businesses whose valuations had benefited from the "lower-for-longer" interest rate tailwind of the last decade, chiefly high PE structural growth stories, loss-making tech companies and REITs. We believe there are additional nuances to consider. We are avoiding businesses with high ongoing capex needs, as inflation makes it more expensive to stand still, and businesses with material exposure to floating-rate debt. Meanwhile, we spend our time sifting through the wreckage of heavily sold-off companies for opportunities where good businesses have been mispriced with respect to stock selection for the portfolio, we weigh four factors when considering an investment:

Financial strength: We want to own businesses with conservative levels of gearing and strong cash flows. While corporate balance sheets are in great shape across the board, with average net debt to EBITDA for ASX200 companies of 1.8x (well below the 10-year median of 2.5x), our portfolio has an average net debt to EBITDA of 0.3x.

Further, 38% of our portfolio companies are in fact net cash. We believe this sets us up for strong future returns, whether through dividends, special dividends, buybacks, investment or acquisitions.
Business quality: We focus on businesses that can generate good or improving returns on their invested capital (ROIC). The reason is simple: higher returning businesses require less reinvestment to grow earnings, so more cash is available for shareholders. We believe a business can only sustain a high ROIC over the medium term if it has something special: barriers to entry, pricing power, favourable industry structure and/or a strong product that resonates with customers. When you invest in the ASX200 index, the median pre-tax ROIC is 14% (this excludes financials and REITs). By contrast, the pre-tax ROIC of our portfolio (ex financials and REITs) is 20%. This reflects our process, which selects for high (or improving) ROIC companies.

Management quality: We look for alignment with shareholders, whether that be through significant management shareholdings, or appropriate long-term incentives. The ultimate model of alignment for us is owner- managed businesses, where the original founder remains in control. We believe these businesses tend to outperform over the long term, and owner-managed businesses comprise c30% of our portfolio, compared to 10% of the ASX200.

Valuation: We believe the returns a business generates drive the value of the business, and seek to invest where the above factors are underappreciated in the prevailing market share price.

Funds operated by this manager:

Airlie Australian Share Fund

Important Information: Units in the fund(s) referred to herein are issued by Magellan Asset Management Limited (ABN 31 120 593 946, AFS Licence No. 304 301) trading as Airlie Funds Management ('Airlie') and has been prepared for general information purposes only and must not be construed as investment advice or as an investment recommendation. This material does not take into account your investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs. This material does not constitute an offer or inducement to engage in an investment activity nor does it form part of any offer documentation, offer or invitation to purchase, sell or subscribe for interests in any type of investment product or service. You should obtain and consider the relevant Product Disclosure Statement ('PDS') and Target Market Determination ('TMD') and consider obtaining professional investment advice tailored to your specific circumstances before making a decision to acquire, or continue to hold, the relevant financial product. A copy of the relevant PDS and TMD relating to an Airlie financial product or service may be obtained by calling +61 2 9235 4760 or by visiting www.airliefundsmanagement.com.au.

Past performance is not necessarily indicative of future results and no person guarantees the future performance of any financial product or service, the amount or timing of any return from it, that asset allocations will be met, that it will be able to implement its investment strategy or that its investment objectives will be achieved. This material may contain 'forward-looking statements'. Actual events or results or the actual performance of an Airlie financial product or service may differ materially from those reflected or contemplated in such forward-looking statements.

This material may include data, research and other information from third party sources. Airlie makes no guarantee that such information is accurate, complete or timely and does not provide any warranties regarding results obtained from its use. This information is subject to change at any time and no person has any responsibility to update any of the information provided in this material. Statements contained in this material that are not historical facts are based on current expectations, estimates, projections, opinions and beliefs of Airlie. Such statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, and undue reliance should not be placed thereon.

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Are the businesses enjoying stock price rises today

also the winners of tomorrow?

Insync Fund Managers

July 2022

Lately we are all experiencing one tectonic event after the next. Foundations of the political and economic framework that have dominated much of the world since the 1980s are now being challenged; the impacts on globalisation, the questioning of the USD central role, and previously deeply embedded structural relationships in the energy markets to name a few.

Our approach is far less dependent than our peers are on these issues, including inflation and interest rates. The jury is still out on whether inflation will be a temporary or a longer-term phenomenon.

Covid and the tragic invasion of Ukraine have created significant commodity, energy, and labour mobility pressures. Companies that:

• can raise prices are clearly better placed than those that do not
• enjoy high margins and operating leverage are better protected than low margin businesses with high marginal costs and no pricing power
• possess high incremental return on capital may be able to not just defend their profitability but actually see it expand!

These are the required factors for a business to continue delivering healthy returns in real terms and are thus the same attributes Insync seeks.

Most companies are not able to do this. Those companies possessing the most levers to pull going into an inflationary period are also the most likely to protect and even thrive for their investors. There will likely be tougher times ahead, quality growth investors should find themselves better positioned than most to weather the storm and come out substantially ahead.

Why earnings power is crucial

A shy, humble investor living on a suburban street in a small mid-western US city is often cited for his quips.

"In the short-term markets are a voting machine. In the long-term it's a weighing machine"

Over shorter periods sentiment in markets can shift wildly depending on the narrative of the day. This is driven by perceptions of investors trying to gauge where we are in the economic cycle, the path of inflation and interest rates, the impact of a geopolitical crisis, and what style of investing will be best equipped for the future. These are impossible to predict with any degree of certainty or to do so consistently.

The one thing that is more certain over time is that in the long-term, share prices follow the consistent growth in the earnings of a business.

We know that the most profitable companies remain profitable even ten years later fuelled by the enduring, large megatrends.

Megatrends are so predictable you can set your watch by them. This is whether it is the rising importance of the Gen Z'ers, the acceleration in the number of people aged 70+, GDP+ growth in spending on skin and beauty, or the insatiable desire to spend on experiences. A portfolio of the most profitable companies tied to megatrends provides consistency in earnings leading to strong stock price returns. They are also mostly impervious to interest rate settings, the state of the economy or current commodity prices.

3 portfolio examples of why Earnings Growth is good for investors

The evidence shows it all. Here are 3 companies in our portfolio. The coloured line in each graph is the path of earnings over the past 10 years. The white line is the share price performance.

Observe the strong correlation between the earnings growth and share price performance. From time to time the two lines deviate based on an 'event', as is the case now. Obviously, present prices present an outstanding opportunity to invest.

These highly profitable businesses benefitting from Insync's identified megatrends have become even more attractive due to recent price falls. This is because their ongoing and established earnings power remains intact. Such excellent buying opportunities do not often present themselves.

Funds operated by this manager:

Insync Global Capital Aware Fund, Insync Global Quality Equity Fund

Disclaimer
Equity Trustees Limited ("EQT") (ABN 46 004 031 298), AFSL 240975, is the Responsible Entity for the Insync Global Quality Fund and the Insync Global Capital Aware Fund. EQT is a subsidiary of EQT Holdings Limited (ABN 22 607 797 615), a publicly listed company on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX: EQT). This information has been prepared by Insync Funds Management Pty Ltd (ABN 29 125 092 677, AFSL 322891) ("Insync"), to provide you with general information only. In preparing this information, we did not take into account the investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs of any particular person. It is not intended to take the place of professional advice and you should not take action on specific issues in reliance on this information. Neither Insync, EQT nor any of its related parties, their employees or directors, provide and warranty of accuracy or reliability in relation to such information or accepts any liability to any person who relies on it. Past performance should not be taken as an indicator of future performance. You should obtain a copy of the Product Disclosure Statement before making a decision about whether to invest in this product.

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Equitable Investors

August 2022

Funds operated by this manager:

Equitable Investors Dragonfly Fund

Disclaimer

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